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No presente trabalho pretendemos mostrar a reformulação feita por Kuhn de sua concepção do desenvolvimento científico, apresentada na obra A Estrutura das revoluções cientificas, para harmonizá-la com sua ideia de progresso que conduz à especialização do conhecimento. Essa reformulação começou a ser esboçada no capítulo final dessa obra, quando ele fez uma analogia entre o desenvolvimento cientifico e a evolução darwiniana, mas só veio a ganhar envergadura nos escritos Pós-Estrutura, da década de 90, quando ele aprofundou essa analogia, em termos (...) de especiação. Kuhn passou a pensar, então, o desenvolvimento da ciência como evolucionário. A sua atenção concentra-se em um padrão de desenvolvimento por proliferação de especializações tomando como referência o fenômeno da especiação da evolução biológica. Esse novo padrão é ilustrado pela metáfora da “árvore do conhecimento”. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a concepção de ciência de Popper recorrendo metáfora com o jogo de xadrez que ele utiliza em sua obra A lógica da pesquisa cientifica. Consideramos que por meio desta metáfora é possível percebermos que a sua concepção de ciência não se reduz ao critério lógico de falseabilidade como muitos de seus comentadores deixam entrever, nem tampouco, em definir regras metodológicas para nortear a prática da ciência. Mas, o próprio filósofo ao estabelecer tal analogia (...) deixa claro que a ciência tem em comum com o jogo de xadrez, a existência de regras. No nosso entender essas regras, assim como o critério de cientificidade, não são suficientes para definir a prática cientifica, pois esta envolve outros elementos como: valores, objetivos, comunidade cientifica e o contexto no qual as pesquisas são realizadas. Popper pressupõe esses elementos em sua metáfora, mas não os deixa explícitos. É somente em obras posteriores, como Conjecturas e refutações e Sociedade aberta e seus inimigos que eles são claramente definidos. Pretendemos assim, trazer a tona esses elementos envolvidos no jogo da ciência em Popper de modo a dar maior clareza a sua concepção. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar, por meio da metáfora do jogo de quebra-cabeças, o caráter da ciência no pensamento de Kuhn. Pretendemos mostrar que, além dos aspectos históricos e psicossociais que se destacam como a grande novidade de sua abordagem, há uma outra que emerge da prática da ciência normal, cujo enfoque, destoa da tradição. Trata-se da ênfase que ele dá a própria atividade de investigação da ciência, mais precisamente ao caráter dos problemas a serem pesquisados e a (...) forma de solucioná-los. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende mostrar que, para solucionar a questão da possibilidade do progresso científico, Popper precisou introduzir a ideia de verdade no âmbito de sua teoria da ciência. Essa concepção de progresso, em termos da noção de verdade, só será delineada na obra Conjectura e refutações, pois a ideia de que o alvo da ciência é a verdade ainda não aparece teorizada em suas primeiras obras. Quando Popper escreveu sua A lógica da pesquisa científica, a ciência era definida em (...) termos de regras lógico-metodológicas e não de suas metas. O avanço científico é concebido a partir das noções de testabilidade e de corroborabilidade das teorias, exigências lógicometodológicas para que uma teoria seja considerada como científica. Popper não relacionou a questão do progresso científico à noção de verdade, nessa obra, porque, quando a escreveu, não dispunha de uma consistente teoria da verdade. Foi somente após Tarski ter escrito seu artigo sobre a concepção semântica da verdade que Popper, tendo por base essa concepção de verdade, pôde complementar as suas teses sobre o progresso da ciência, expostas em sua A lógica da pesquisa cientifica, com uma teoria acerca do conteúdo de verdade e da aproximação da verdade. This paper aims to show that to solve the question of the possibility of scientific progress, Popper had to introduce the idea of truth into his theory of science. This conception of progress, in terms of the notion of truth, was only outlined in the work Conjectures and Refutations. The idea that the goal of science is truth does not appear in his early works. When Popper wrote his The Logic of Scientific Discovery, science was defined in terms of logic-methodological rules, and not of its goals. Scientific progress was conceived based on the notions of testability and corroboration of theories, logical and methodological requirements for a theory to be considered scientific. Popper did not relate the question of scientific progress to notion of truth in this work, because when he wrote it he did not have a consistent theory of truth. It was only after Tarski had written his article on the semantic conception of truth that Popper, based on this conception of truth, could complement his thesis about the progress of science expounded in The Logic of Scientific Discovery with a theory about the content of truth and the approximation to the truth. (shrink)

The article deals with the problem of method for a bioethical approach to clinical cases from the standpoint of bioethics, and analyzes the various methodologies that exist, highlighting their contributions and strengths, as well as their difficulties. Tools for reflecting on how to implement a methodology adapted to the context of contemporary Mexican reality are provided as well. They underscore the characteristics particular to Mexico in bioethical analysis and discernment.

When events such as a pandemic occur, and the entire population’s health must be ensured, the focus is on public health. Despite several criteria for decision-making, it is advisable to delve into the weighting beyond the mere consideration of plainly visible factors. We propose weighting as a mechanism instead of chance since, given the person’s substantial unity and intrinsic dignity, their destiny cannot be subject to anything less than the exercise of intelligible judgment inherent to human reason.

El artículo aborda la relación entre la bioética y la ideología de género a partir de la noción de vulnerabilidad. Así, se afirma que la segunda pone a la persona en una situación de mayor vulnerabilidad al carecer de un fundamento ontológico que la sostenga y, por ende, pudieran desprenderse, de esto, prácticas poco éticas para con quienes se engloban dentro de alguno de los grupos residuales de la misma. Se parte, por tanto, del origen de la ideología de género (...) para, posteriormente, ubicar las problemáticas más frecuentes que se presentan, en el terreno de la Bioética, a partir de la vulnerabilidad antropológica y social. Por último se rescata el papel de la Bioética en la intervención de las poblaciones vulnerables y vulneradas en el marco del tema del género. (shrink)

Farmers have been characterized as people whose ties to the land have given them a deep awareness of natural cycles, appreciation for natural beauty and sense of responsibility as stewards. At the same time, their relationship to the land has been characterized as more utilitarian than that of others who are less directly dependent on its bounty. This paper explores this tension by comparing the attitudes and beliefs of a group of conventional farmers to those of a group of organic (...) farmers. It was found that while both groups reject the idea that a farmer’s role is to conquer nature, organic farmers were significantly more supportive of the notion that humans should live in harmony with nature. Organic farmers also reported a greater awareness of and appreciation for nature in their relationship with the land. Both groups view independence as a main benefit of farming and a lack of financial reward as its main drawback. Overall, conventional farmers report more stress in their lives although they also view themselves in a caretaker role for the land more than do the organic farmers. In contrast, organic farmers report more satisfaction with their lives, a greater concern for living ethically, and a stronger perception of community. Finally, both groups are willing to have their rights limited (organic farmers somewhat more so) but they do not trust the government to do so. (shrink)

This book is composed of research presented at the fourth international Queering Paradigms Conference (QP4), held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It intends to contribute to building a queer postcolonial critique of the current politics of queer activism and of queer knowledge production and circulation.

This book expands the landscape of research in mathematics education by analyzing how the body influences mathematical thinking.

"Commentateur aussi atypique que profond des œuvres de Kant, Hegel et Nietzsche auxquelles il a consacré trois livres, Kant et la fin de la métaphysique (1970), La Patience du Concept (1972) et L’Envers de la dialectique (2004), Gérard Lebrun gagne, peu à peu, une actualité grandissante, qui réside dans une entière occupation du temps. Après avoir reconsidéré le fameux problème de la « fin de la métaphysique » selon une perspective kantienne, et pour être resté lecteur de Hegel, mais aussi (...) de Hegel et de Nietzsche, quand presque toute la philosophie française des années 60 et 70 désertait la dialectique spéculative en laissant pour toute alternative Hegel ou Nietzsche, Gérard Lebrun a résisté, par le passé, aux passions de son temps. Il livre, au présent, une leçon fondamentale, de l’ordre de la perspective du texte. Sa lecture est sans marges, elle ne s’interrompt pas, elle ouvre sur une lisibilité des œuvres philosophiques indissociable de la maturation des problèmes et de la langue de cette maturation. Cette manière de lire compose toujours en même temps un non-lieu où est le livre (puisqu’il n’est ni un passé, ni un présent, et ni l’un ni l’autre), c’est-à-dire le lieu atopique et scripturaire d’une mémoire où ne cesse de se totaliser l’innombrable des lectures — une lisibilité pour esprit libre."--Page 4 de la couverture. (shrink)

Joan CADDEN PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE PLACE OF THE PROBLEMATA IN MEDIEVAL LEARNING Où se trouvèrent les Problemata dans la taxonomie des connaissances ...

Résumé La figure, dans la sémiotique greimassienne, héritant d’une élaboration polysémique chez Hjelmslev, appartient tant au plan de l’expression qu’au plan du contenu. Sur le plan du contenu, elle s’introduit au niveau discursif et renvoie à un thème, qu’elle concrétise. Par ailleurs, dans Sémantique Structurale, les traces d’information que nos cinq sens nous apportent sont aussi appelées figures, et c’est par leur intermédiaire que le monde naturel joue un rôle dans la naissance du sens. Ces figures engendrées par la perception (...) sont des figures d’expression et appartiennent de ce fait au plan de l’expression. L’unification des deux types de figures en une figurativité générique, située au niveau discursif et subdivisée en figurativité stricto sensu, dite de surface, et figurativité lato sensu, dite profonde (Landowski. 2017. Com Greimas : interações semióticas. São Paulo : Editora CPS e Estação das Letras e Cores) est discutée avec l’apport d’auteurs de la sémiotique française et la structure quadratique du signe due au Groupe µ (2015. Principia semiotica : aux sources du sens. Bruxelles : Les Impressions Nouvelles : 283–292). Cette discussion nous suggère la figurativité comme transversale au parcours génératif du sens et contribuant à l’opération de conversion, dans la mesure où des traces du monde naturel refont surface sous la forme de figures du monde, sur le plan du contenu discursif. (shrink)

In this discussion paper we consider the influence of ethnicity, religiosity, spirituality and health literacy on Advance Care Planning for older people. Older people from cultural and ethnic minorities have low access to palliative or end-of-life care and there is poor uptake of advance care planning by this group across a number of countries where advance care planning is promoted. For many, religiosity, spirituality and health literacy are significant factors that influence how they make end-of-life decisions. Health literacy issues have (...) been identified as one of the main reasons for a communication gaps between physicians and their patients in discussing end-of-life care, where poor health literacy, particularly specific difficulty with written and oral communication often limits their understanding of clinical terms such as diagnoses and prognoses. This then contributes to health inequalities given it impacts on their ability to use their moral agency to make appropriate decisions about end-of-life care and complete their Advance Care Plans. Currently, strategies to promote advance care planning seem to overlook engagement with religious communities. Consequently, policy makers, nurses, medical professions, social workers and even educators continue to shape advance care planning programmes within the context of a medical model. The ethical principle of justice is a useful approach to responding to inequities and to promote older peoples’ ability to enact moral agency in making such decisions. (shrink)

Queering Paradigms IVa: Insurgências queer ao Sul do equador, junto com o volume Queering Paradigms IV: South-North Dialogues on Queer Epistemologies, Embodiments and Activisms (Lewis et al. 2014), divulga de forma multilíngue pesquisas apresentadas no 4° Congresso Internacional Queering Paradigms (QP4), sediado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ambos os volumes compartilham o objetivo de analisar o status quo e os desafios para o futuro dos Estudos Queer a partir de uma perspectiva inter/multidisciplinar, concentrando-se sobre as relações entre os eixos Sul-Norte. (...) O presente livro oferece capítulos escritos em português e espanhol, línguas subalternas na academia global, visando a privilegiar vozes e conhecimentos do Sul. Os trabalhos reunidos neste volume insurgem contra a colonização epistemológica dos corpos que habitam o Sul global e apontam para os problemas que surgem quando a(s) Teoria(s) Queer do Norte são aplicadas sem adaptação a outros contextos. Além de violências epistemológicas, a falta de atenção ao que acontece ao sul do equador pode levar a uma paralização do debate queer. O convite que esses capítulos fazem é um desafio a olhar para onde não se costuma olhar e ouvir as vozes que não se costuma ouvir, de forma a devolver ao queer seu potencial de contestação. Queering Paradigms IVa: Insurgências queer ao Sul do equador, junto con el tomo Queering Paradigms IV: South-North Dialogues on Queer Epistemologies, Embodiments and Activisms (Lewis et al. 2014), difunde de forma multilingüe algunas de las investigaciones presentadas en el 4o Congreso Internacional Queering Paradigms (QP4), en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Ambos tomos comparten el objetivo de analizar el estado actual y los desafíos para el futuro de los Estudios Queer desde una perspectiva inter/multidisciplinaria, concentrándose sobre las relaciones entre el eje Sur-Norte. El presente libro ofrece capítulos escritos en portugués y español, lenguas subalternas en la academia global, con la pretensión de privilegiar voces y conocimientos del Sur. Los trabajos reunidos en este tomo se insurgen contra la colonización epistemológica de los cuerpos que habitan el Sur global y apuntan a los problemas que surgen cuando la(s) Teoría(s) Queer del Norte son aplicadas sin adaptación a otros contextos. Además de las violencias epistemológicas, la falta de atención a lo que acontece al sur del Ecuador puede llevar a una paralización del debate queer. La propuesta de estos capítulos es un desafío a mirar para dónde no se suele mirar y a escuchar las voces que no se suelen escuchar, para devolverle al queer su potencial de contestación. (shrink)

Video data has now become the most common form of data for educational researchers studying classroom interaction and school culture. Software protocols for analysing vast archives of video data are deployed regularly, allowing researchers to annotate, code and sort images. These protocols are often applied by researchers without reflection or reference to the extensive philosophical work in film and media studies. Without exception, this research treats the video image as movement-image or picture, a recording of ‘raw data’, indexical of a (...) given time-space relationship. In this article I situate this kind of research within the history of scientific cinema, drawing on Deleuze's books on cinema, as well as his ideas on colour and figure from The Logic of Sensation, to propose an alternative way of analysing video data. One of the central claims of Deleuze in Cinema 2 is that the time-image reconfigures bodies as expressions of force – the body becomes a ‘shock of forces’. I argue that such an approach allows us to study the student body as less a phenomenological organism with built-in ‘I can’ cognitive and motor capacities, and more an indeterminate crystalline contraction and expansion of intensity. I present an example of how to study classroom video data as time-image, and explore the implications of such work for education research. (shrink)

Thinking with Spinoza about education involves thinking with and beyond his authored texts, situating his work within the tradition of Western thought, and exploring his contribution to the philoso...

In lowland South America, breath animates human and non-human bodies, pulsating through the materialities of organisms. Humans, however, should manage their bodies to recast and reconfigure breath in its most life-enhancing manifestations: singing and smoking. These are the specialized domains of those able to manage their vitalities in such a way as to produce potent effects in themselves and in the world around them, including influencing atmospheric conditions, the lives of animals and plants and the harming and healing of others. (...) In these relational onto-epistemologies, intersubjectivity, intercorporality and states of non-cognitive interaffection find new depths. Breath, properly managed, can make and unmake worldly forms, including bodies and the societies they come together in. Focusing on two Amerindian communities, the Warekena of northwestern Rio Negro, Brazil and the Shipibo-Konibo of the Ucayali valley in Eastern Peru, this article examines the interface between human and non-human subjectivities, and how resonant interaffective atmospheric conditions are induced to promote health. (shrink)

The primary aim of this article is to bring the work of Deleuze and Guattari to bear on the question ofcommunication in the classroom. I focus on the mathematics classroom, where agency and subjectivity are highly regulated by the rituals of the discipline, and where neoliberal psychological frameworks continue to dominate theories of teaching and learning. Moreover, the nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms remains highlyelusive and problematic, due in part to the distinct relationship the discipline has with verbal language and (...) thought. I first discuss current attempts to better address the embodied nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms, and argue that these remain overly logo-centric and language-centric in their conception of thinking. I then show how the work of Deleuze and Guattari on thought as a radical disruptive event can be used effectively to critique current pedagogical practices that privilege a narrow conception of communication in the classroom. I examine a set of exemplary classroom videos used in mathematics teacher education to argue that the current approach fails to honor the highly creative and disruptive nature ofthinking. (shrink)

In this essay Elizabeth de Freitas follows Tim Ingold's groundbreaking anthropological work on lines and their cultural and material significance to argue that the line is the engine of theory, be it the drawn line of inscription or mathematical measure, the exclusionary line of delineation, or the undulating generative line of flight. De Freitas focuses on contemporary theories of perception that deploy the line — and mobilize the force of theory — so as to encode and reconfigure the student's (...) body. She draws on the work of Gilles Deleuze to develop a topological approach to the line, and argues that such an approach aligns with current philosophical approaches to social interaction that might be termed “topo-philosophy.”. (shrink)

Using the work of philosopher Henri Bergson to examine the nature of movement and memory, this article contributes to recent research on the role of the body in learning mathematics. Our aim in this paper is to introduce the ideas of Bergson and to show how these ideas shed light on mathematics classroom activity. Bergson’s monist philosophy provides a framework for understanding the materiality of both bodies and mathematical concepts. We discuss two case studies of classrooms to show how the (...) mathematical concepts of number and function are themselves mobile and full of potentiality, open to deformation and the remapping of the possible. Bergson helps us look differently at mathematical activity in the classroom, not as a closed set of distinct interacting bodies groping after abstract concepts, but as a dynamic relational assemblage. (shrink)

A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de auxiliar as pessoas a realizarem mudanças de comportamento maladaptativo. Atualmente, uma ampla variedade de profissionais tem sido treinada para utilizar efetivamente a EM na prática clínica. Este artigo buscou, através de uma revisã..

Responding to widespread interest within cultural studies and social inquiry, this book addresses the question 'what is a mathematical concept?' using a variety of vanguard theories in the humanities and posthumanities. Tapping historical, philosophical, sociological and psychological perspectives, each chapter explores the question of how mathematics comes to matter. Of interest to scholars across the usual disciplinary divides, this book tracks mathematics as a cultural activity, drawing connections with empirical practice. Unlike other books in this area, it is highly interdisciplinary, (...) devoted to exploring the ontology of mathematics as it plays out in different contexts. This book will appeal to scholars who are interested in particular mathematical habits - creative diagramming, structural mappings, material agency, interdisciplinary coverings - that shed light on both mathematics and other disciplines. Chapters are also relevant to social sciences and humanities scholars, as each offers philosophical insight into mathematics and how we might live mathematically. (shrink)

In 1893, The World’s Parliament of Religions met in Chicago from the 15th of May until the 28th of October. 2013 marked the 120th anniversary of this gathering where the leading representatives of the religions of the world engaged in dialogue. To commemorate this event, Special Collections Research Center at Southern Illinois University Carbondale in conjunction with the Hegeler Carus Foundation hosted a symposium on the relationship between science, religion, and philosophy. One of the themes of the Parliament was “…the (...) actual harmony of science and religion; and the origin and nature of the alleged conflict between them.” Featured speakers addressed these issues igniting fascinating conversations. These are the papers that were presented. (shrink)